Silverlight C# 游戏开发：L8 材质和贴图
时间：2011-01-23 来源：nowpaper
记得有一位朋友曾经说过，3D世界总会回归到2D当中，此话很有道理，无论我们怎么构建3D世界仍然还只是在面前的屏幕上显示，而这个就是典型的3D到2D，其实，我们都被欺骗了，所有看到的都不是真正意义上的3D世界，是通过计算出来的结果，伟大的数学在这里发挥到了极致，就如Balder就是典型的通过计算的方式将3D控件渲染到Silverlight的平面上，只要对3D数学有一定的了解，都可以作出一个3D世界，说了这些有什么用呢？和贴图有很大的关系，大部分的开发者可能只是知道“贴”却对其原理一知半解，贴图的英文一般称之是Texture，贴图仅仅是另外一个子集下面的一个部分，而这个更大的集合是材质Material，要知道，世间万物并非仅仅只有纹理，它包含了诸如漫反射（diffuse）和反射（reflection）的属性，所以你仔细看某一个事物的时候，在不同的时空看到的结果不是一样。如果讨论3D世界，我想可能也非一时之事，今天咱们就之说说材质。
下面展示了一个3D世界中的典型材质赋予方式：
在Balder当中，Balder.Objects.Geometries对象都带有Material属性，只要对这个属性进行设置即可。
material = new Material(); Balder.Imaging.Image image = Runtime.Instance.ContentManager.Load<Balder.Imaging.Image>("/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map01.jpg");material.DiffuseMap = new ImageMap(image) ;
material.DiffuseMapOpacity = 1;
material.Opacity = 1;
material.DoubleSided = true;
上面的代码是创建一个基本的材质，然后从资源中读取一个贴图给Diffuse上，上次有位朋友问我如何在Balder中读取一个图片，其方式就是上面的方式，需要提醒的是，现在这种方法只能读取自身工程的文件，如果是外部的话，就会报错。
好吧，其实今天所有的核心就在上面的几行代码当中，下面仅仅是做了控制，现在我们弄一个UI控制界面，来操作材质和贴图使我们更加直观。
为了方便起见，这次用上了属性绑定，界面的XAML如下：
界面
<UserControl
界面
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:Balder_Studio" x:Class="Balder_Studio.Lesson08"
mc:Ignorable="d"
d:DesignHeight="441" d:DesignWidth="550">
<Grid>
<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="White" d:IsLocked="True"/>
<StackPanel Margin="12,8,0,0" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="218" VerticalAlignment="Top">
<StackPanel Margin="0" Orientation="Horizontal" Visibility="Collapsed">
<TextBlock Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="118"><Run Text="贴图透明度"/></TextBlock>
<Slider x:Name="SliderOpacity" Value="1" Width="140" Maximum="1" LargeChange="0.2"/>
<TextBlock x:Name="TextValue" Text="{Binding Value, ElementName=SliderOpacity}" Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="71"/>
</StackPanel>
<StackPanel Height="28" Orientation="Horizontal" VerticalAlignment="Bottom">
<TextBlock Margin="0,8,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="118" Text="贴图"/>
<ComboBox x:Name="DiffuseMapSel" Width="140">
</ComboBox>
<Button Content="清理贴图" Width="60" Click="Button_Click_ClearDiffuseMap"></Button>
</StackPanel>
<StackPanel Margin="0" Orientation="Horizontal">
<TextBlock Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="118"><Run Text="贴图"/><Run Text="透明度"/></TextBlock>
<Slider x:Name="SliderDOpacity" Width="140" Maximum="1" Value="1" LargeChange="0.2"/>
<TextBlock Text="{Binding Value, ElementName=SliderDOpacity}" Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="71"/>
</StackPanel>
<StackPanel Height="28" Orientation="Horizontal" VerticalAlignment="Bottom">
<TextBlock Margin="0,8,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="118" Text="反射贴图"/>
<ComboBox x:Name="ReflectionMapSel" Width="140"/>
<Button Content="清理贴图" Width="60" Click="Button_Click_ClearReflectionMap"></Button>
</StackPanel>
<StackPanel Margin="0" Orientation="Horizontal">
<TextBlock Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="118"><Run Text="反射"/><Run Text="贴图"/><Run Text="透明度"/></TextBlock>
<Slider x:Name="SliderROpacity" Width="140" Maximum="1" Value="1" LargeChange="0.2"/>
<TextBlock Text="{Binding Value, ElementName=SliderROpacity}" Margin="0,9,0,0" FontSize="12" Width="71"/>
</StackPanel>
</StackPanel>
</Grid>
</UserControl>
然后后台代码如下，做了简单的注释，相信各位高手会明白的。
后台代码
//////////////////////////////////////////////////// Silvery Night
// Nowpaper原创Silverlight Balder3D文章，共同研究和探讨：）
//
// http://www.nowpaper.net
// http://www.cnblogs.com/nowpaper
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
using System;
using System.Windows.Threading;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using Balder.Math;
using Balder.Objects.Geometries;
using Balder.View;
using Balder.Lighting;
using Balder.Execution;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Resources;
using Balder.Materials;
using Balder.Assets;
using System.Windows.Data;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Balder_Studio
{
public partial class Lesson08 : UserControl
{
//Heightmap
Heightmap heightmap = new Heightmap();
Camera camera = new Camera();
//材质
Material material = new Material();
//贴图文件列表
public List<string> ImageList = new List<string>()
{
"/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map01.jpg",
"/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map02.jpg",
"/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map03.jpg",
"/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map04.jpg"
};
public Lesson08()
{
InitializeComponent();
InitializeUILogic();
//L1
Game game = new Game() { Width = 600, Height = 400 };
game.Camera = camera;
game.Camera.Position = new Coordinate(100, 120, 150);
game.Camera.Target = new Coordinate(0, 0, 0);
game.Children.Add(new OmniLight()
{
Position = new Coordinate(0, 100, 0),
Ambient = Colors.Transparent,
Specular = Colors.Transparent,
Diffuse = Colors.Transparent,
Strength = 0.55,
});
//L3
Game_Axis axis_x = new Game_Axis(new Vertex(-300, 0, 0), new Vertex(300, 0, 0), Colors.Red);
Game_Axis axis_y = new Game_Axis(new Vertex(0, -300, 0), new Vertex(0, 300, 0), Colors.Blue);
Game_Axis axis_z = new Game_Axis(new Vertex(0, 0, -300), new Vertex(0, 0, 300), Colors.Green);
game.Children.Add(axis_x);
game.Children.Add(axis_y);
game.Children.Add(axis_z);
heightmap.Dimension = new Dimension() { Width = 128, Height = 128 };
heightmap.LengthSegments = 2;
heightmap.HeightSegments = 2;
heightmap.InteractionEnabled = true;
//L8
//从位图中创建高度图
CreateHeightMapFormBitmap(new Uri("/Balder_Studio;component/Res/heightmap.jpg", UriKind.Relative));
//通过ContentManager读取指定贴图
Balder.Imaging.Image image = Runtime.Instance.ContentManager.Load<Balder.Imaging.Image>("/Balder_Studio;component/Res/map01.jpg");
//漫反射贴图
material.DiffuseMap = new ImageMap(image) ;
//漫射贴图透明度
material.DiffuseMapOpacity = 1;
//材质透明度
material.Opacity = 1;
//双面材质
material.DoubleSided = true;
//将材质附上
heightmap.Material = material;
game.Children.Add(heightmap);
LayoutRoot.Children.Add(game);
this.KeyDown += new System.Windows.Input.KeyEventHandler(Lesson08_KeyDown);
}
//初始化UI
private void InitializeUILogic()
{
foreach (var item in ImageList)
{
Image image = new Image() { Width = 128, Height = 128 };
Image image1 = new Image() { Width = 128, Height = 128 };
image1.Source = image.Source = new BitmapImage(new Uri(item, UriKind.Relative));
DiffuseMapSel.Items.Add(image);
ReflectionMapSel.Items.Add(image1);
}
DiffuseMapSel.SelectionChanged += new SelectionChangedEventHandler(MapSel_SelectionChanged);
ReflectionMapSel.SelectionChanged += new SelectionChangedEventHandler(MapSel_SelectionChanged);
SliderOpacity.ValueChanged += new RoutedPropertyChangedEventHandler<double>(SliderOpacity_ValueChanged);
SliderDOpacity.ValueChanged += new RoutedPropertyChangedEventHandler<double>(SliderOpacity_ValueChanged);
SliderROpacity.ValueChanged += new RoutedPropertyChangedEventHandler<double>(SliderOpacity_ValueChanged);
}
void MapSel_SelectionChanged(object sender, SelectionChangedEventArgs e)
{
var comboBox = sender as ComboBox;
if(comboBox.SelectedIndex == -1)
return;
var filename = ImageList[comboBox.SelectedIndex];
Balder.Imaging.Image image;
image = Runtime.Instance.ContentManager.Load<Balder.Imaging.Image>(filename);
if (sender == DiffuseMapSel)
{
material.DiffuseMap = new ImageMap(image);
}
else
{
if (ReflectionMapSel == sender)
{
material.ReflectionMap = new ImageMap(image);
}
}
}
void SliderOpacity_ValueChanged(object sender, RoutedPropertyChangedEventArgs<double> e)
{
if (sender == SliderOpacity)
{
material.Opacity = e.NewValue;
}
else
{
if (sender == SliderDOpacity)
{
material.DiffuseMapOpacity = e.NewValue;
}
else
{
if (sender == SliderROpacity)
{
material.ReflectionMapOpacity = e.NewValue;
}
}
}
}
void Lesson08_KeyDown(object sender, System.Windows.Input.KeyEventArgs e)
{
switch (e.Key)
{
case System.Windows.Input.Key.W:
{
var c = camera.Target - camera.Position;
camera.Position += c / 10;
camera.Target += c / 10;
}
break;
case System.Windows.Input.Key.S:
{
var c = camera.Target - camera.Position;
camera.Position -= c / 10;
camera.Target -= c / 10;
}
break;
}
}
//从位图中创建高度图
void CreateHeightMapFormBitmap(Uri uri)
{
BitmapImage bitmap = new BitmapImage();
//从资源中取得BitmapStream
StreamResourceInfo sri = Application.GetResourceStream(uri);
bitmap.SetSource(sri.Stream);
//生成WriteableBitmap
WriteableBitmap writeablebitmap = new WriteableBitmap(bitmap);
//创建高度图数组
float[,] HeightmapArray = new float[bitmap.PixelHeight, bitmap.PixelWidth];
//将数组拷贝到高度图数组
for (int i = 0; i < bitmap.PixelHeight; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < bitmap.PixelWidth; j++)
{
int index = bitmap.PixelWidth * i + j;
int pixel = writeablebitmap.Pixels[index];
byte[] bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(pixel);
//计算：颜色越深则越低，颜色月浅则越高，50是最高的高度值
HeightmapArray[i, j] = ((float)(bytes[0] + bytes[1] + bytes[2]) / 3) / 255 * 50;
}
}
//赋值
heightmap.HeightmapArray = HeightmapArray;
}
private void Button_Click_ClearDiffuseMap(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
heightmap.Material.DiffuseMap = null;
}
private void Button_Click_ClearReflectionMap(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
heightmap.Material.ReflectionMap = null;
}
}
}
好了，我们下面看看效果，使用上述代码实现即可，可以点击直接下载工程浏览和测试，那么运行的预览效果如下：
工程中如果缺少Balder.dll请在这里快速下载：SL4_Balder.rar
下一篇我们介绍材质的应用，如何对模型进行贴图和更换贴图，以及贴图的属性，同时可能还结合HeightMap依据地理信息制作真实地图，那么下次再见。
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