进程控制块（一）
时间：2010-09-24 来源：南方阿甘
今天学习了关于进程控制块的部分知识，只是由于觉得比较抽象，便在网上收集了一些信息和实例，以加深理解。
一、定义
进程控制块(PCB)：系统为了管理进程设置的一个专门的数据结构，用它来记录进程的外部特征，描述进程的运动变化过程。系统利用PCB来控制和管理进程，所以PCB是系统感知进程存在的唯一标志。进程与PCB是一一对应的。
二、PCB存放的信息
在不同的操作系统中对进程的控制和管理机制不同，PCB中的信息多少也不一样，通常PCB应包含如下一些信息。
1、进程标识符 name每个进程都必须有一个唯一的标识符，可以是字符串，也可以是一个数字。
2、进程当前状态 status说明进程当前所处的状态。为了管理的方便，系统设计时会将相同的状态的进程组成一个队列，如就绪进程队列，等待进程则要根据等待的事件组成多个等待队列，如等待打印机队列、等待磁盘I/O完成队列等等。
3、进程相应的程序和数据地址，以便把PCB与其程序和数据联系起来。
4、进程资源清单。列出所拥有的除CPU外的资源记录，如拥有的I/O设备，打开的文件列表等。
5、进程优先级 priority：进程的优先级反映进程的紧迫程度，通常由用户指定和系统设置。
6、CPU现场保护区 cpustatus：当进程因某种原因不能继续占用CPU时（如等待打印机），释放CPU ，这时就要将CPU的各种状态信息保护起来，为将来再次得到处理机恢复CPU的各种状态，继续运行。
7、进程同步与通信机制 用于实现进程间互斥、同步和通信所需的信号
量等。
8、进程所在队列PCB的链接字 根据进程所处的现行状态，进程相应的PCB参加到不同队列中。PCB链接字指出该进程所在队列中下一个进程PCB的首地址。
9、与进程有关的其他信息。 如进程记账信息，进程占用CPU的时间等。
三、linux下的task_struc进程控制块t数据结构
在linux中具体实现是 task_struct数据结构，它记录了一下几个类型的信息：
1.状态信息，例如这个进程处于可执行状态，休眠，挂起等。
2.性质，由于unix有很多变种，进程有自己独特的性质。
3.资源，资源的链接比如内存，还有资源的限制和权限等。
4.组织，例如按照家族关系建立起来的树（父进程，子进程等）。
下面是这一个数据结构
struct task_struct {
/*
* offsets of these are hardcoded elsewhere - touch with care
*/
volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */ //进程当前的状态
unsigned long flags; /* per process flags, defined below */ //反应进程状态的信息，但不是运行状态，定义见下
int sigpending; //进程收到了信号，但尚未处理
mm_segment_t addr_limit; /* thread address space: //虚存地址上限
0-0xBFFFFFFF for user-thead
0-0xFFFFFFFF for kernel-thread
*/
struct exec_domain *exec_domain;
volatile long need_resched; //与进程调度有关表示用户从系统空间按返回用户空间要执行的一次调度
unsigned long ptrace;
int lock_depth; /* Lock depth */
/*
* offset 32 begins here on 32-bit platforms. We keep
* all fields in a single cacheline that are needed for
* the goodness() loop in schedule().
*/
long counter; //与进程调度相关
long nice;
unsigned long policy; //实用于本进程的调度政策
struct mm_struct *mm;
int processor;
/*
* cpus_runnable is ~0 if the process is not running on any
* CPU. It's (1 << cpu) if it's running on a CPU. This mask
* is updated under the runqueue lock.
*
* To determine whether a process might run on a CPU, this
* mask is AND-ed with cpus_allowed.
*/
unsigned long cpus_runnable, cpus_allowed;
/*
* (only the 'next' pointer fits into the cacheline, but
* that's just fine.)
*/
struct list_head run_list;
unsigned long sleep_time;
struct task_struct *next_task, *prev_task; //内核会对每一个进程做点什么事情的时候，常常需要将其连成一个队列，这2个指针用于这个目的
struct mm_struct *active_mm;
struct list_head local_pages;
unsigned int allocation_order, nr_local_pages;
/* task state */
struct linux_binfmt *binfmt;//应用文件格式
int exit_code, exit_signal;
int pdeath_signal; /* The signal sent when the parent dies */
/* ??? */
unsigned long personality; //进程的个性化信息，详细见下
int did_exec:1;
unsigned task_dumpable:1;
pid_t pid; //进程号
pid_t pgrp;
pid_t tty_old_pgrp;
pid_t session;
pid_t tgid;
/* boolean value for session group leader */
int leader;
/*
* pointers to (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,
* older sibling, respectively. (p->father can be replaced with
* p->p_pptr->pid)
*/
struct task_struct *p_opptr, *p_pptr, *p_cptr, *p_ysptr, *p_osptr; //用于族谱信息的，例如p_opptr指向父进程
struct list_head thread_group;
/* PID hash table linkage. */
struct task_struct *pidhash_next;
struct task_struct **pidhash_pprev; //pid是随机分配的，我们常常使用kill pid想进程发送信号（大部分人认为是杀死进程，其实这是个发送信号的指令，默认的参数为杀死。如果想暂停某进程，只需kill STOP 进程的PID），这里可以看到根据pid寻找进程的操作是经常被使用的，而pid又是随机分配，于是这里边用这2个指针指向一个杂凑数组，数组是按照杂凑的算法，以pid为关键字建立，方便根据pid来寻找task_struct
wait_queue_head_t wait_chldexit; /* for wait4() */
struct completion *vfork_done; /* for vfork() */
unsigned long rt_priority; //优先级
unsigned long it_real_value, it_prof_value, it_virt_value;
unsigned long it_real_incr, it_prof_incr, it_virt_incr;
struct timer_list real_timer;
struct tms times; //运行时间的总汇
unsigned long start_time;
long per_cpu_utime[NR_CPUS], per_cpu_stime[NR_CPUS]; //在多个处理器上运行于系统空间和用户空间的时间
/* mm fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific */
unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt, nswap, cmin_flt, cmaj_flt, cnswap;//发生页面异常的次数和换入换出的次数
int swappable:1;
/* process credentials */
uid_t uid,euid,suid,fsuid;
gid_t gid,egid,sgid,fsgid; //与文件权限有关的
int ngroups;
gid_t groups[NGROUPS];
kernel_cap_t cap_effective, cap_inheritable, cap_permitted; //权限，比如该进程是否有权限从新引导系统，这里是大概介绍
int keep_capabilities:1;
struct user_struct *user; //指向该进程拥有的用户
/* limits */
struct rlimit rlim[RLIM_NLIMITS]; //进程对各种资源使用数量的限制，详细见下
unsigned short used_math;
char comm[16];
/* file system info */
int link_count, total_link_count;
struct tty_struct *tty; /* NULL if no tty */
unsigned int locks; /* How many file locks are being held */
/* ipc stuff */
struct sem_undo *semundo;
struct sem_queue *semsleeping;
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct thread_struct thread;
/* filesystem information */
struct fs_struct *fs;
/* open file information */
struct files_struct *files;
/* namespace */
struct namespace *namespace;
/* signal handlers */
spinlock_t sigmask_lock; /* Protects signal and blocked */
struct signal_struct *sig;
sigset_t blocked;
struct sigpending pending;
unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
size_t sas_ss_size;
int (*notifier)(void *priv);
void *notifier_data;
sigset_t *notifier_mask;
/* Thread group tracking */
u32 parent_exec_id;
u32 self_exec_id;
/* Protection of (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty */
spinlock_t alloc_lock;
/* journalling filesystem info */
void *journal_info;
};
#define TASK_RUNNING 0 //不是表示正在运行，而是表示可以被调用
#define TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE 1
#define TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE 2
#define TASK_ZOMBIE 4
#define TASK_STOPPED 8 //对应于task_struct中的state，进程运行状态
//对应task_struct的flag
#define PF_ALIGNWARN 0x00000001 /* Print alignment warning msgs */
/* Not implemented yet, only for 486*/
#define PF_STARTING 0x00000002 /* being created */
#define PF_EXITING 0x00000004 /* getting shut down */
#define PF_FORKNOEXEC 0x00000040 /* forked but didn't exec */
#define PF_SUPERPRIV 0x00000100 /* used super-user privileges */
#define PF_DUMPCORE 0x00000200 /* dumped core */
#define PF_SIGNALED 0x00000400 /* killed by a signal */
#define PF_MEMALLOC 0x00000800 /* Allocating memory */
#define PF_MEMDIE 0x00001000 /* Killed for out-of-memory */
#define PF_FREE_PAGES 0x00002000 /* per process page freeing */
#define PF_NOIO 0x00004000 /* avoid generating further I/O */
#define PF_FSTRANS 0x00008000 /* inside a filesystem transaction */
#define PF_USEDFPU 0x00100000 /* task used FPU this quantum (SMP) */
//进程的个性化信息
enum {
MMAP_PAGE_ZERO = 0x0100000,
ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT = 0x0800000,
SHORT_INODE = 0x1000000,
WHOLE_SECONDS = 0x2000000,
STICKY_TIMEOUTS = 0x4000000,
ADDR_LIMIT_3GB = 0x8000000,
};
/*
* Personality types.
*
* These go in the low byte. Avoid using the top bit, it will
* conflict with error returns.
*/
enum {
PER_LINUX = 0x0000,
PER_LINUX_32BIT = 0x0000 | ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT,
PER_SVR4 = 0x0001 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | MMAP_PAGE_ZERO,
PER_SVR3 = 0x0002 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_SCOSVR3 = 0x0003 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS |
WHOLE_SECONDS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_OSR5 = 0x0003 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | WHOLE_SECONDS,
PER_WYSEV386 = 0x0004 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_ISCR4 = 0x0005 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,
PER_BSD = 0x0006,
PER_SUNOS = 0x0006 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,
PER_XENIX = 0x0007 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_LINUX32 = 0x0008,
PER_LINUX32_3GB = 0x0008 | ADDR_LIMIT_3GB,
PER_IRIX32 = 0x0009 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,/* IRIX5 32-bit */
PER_IRIXN32 = 0x000a | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,/* IRIX6 new 32-bit */
PER_IRIX64 = 0x000b | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,/* IRIX6 64-bit */
PER_RISCOS = 0x000c,
PER_SOLARIS = 0x000d | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,
PER_UW7 = 0x000e | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | MMAP_PAGE_ZERO,
PER_HPUX = 0x000f,
PER_OSF4 = 0x0010, /* OSF/1 v4 */
PER_MASK = 0x00ff,
};
//进程资源的限制，对应task_struct中的struct rlimit rlim[RLIM_NLIMITS],RLIM_NLIMITS的值是11，代表11项资源，分别是
#define RLIMIT_CPU 0 /* CPU time in ms */
#define RLIMIT_FSIZE 1 /* Maximum filesize */
#define RLIMIT_DATA 2 /* max data size */
#define RLIMIT_STACK 3 /* max stack size */
#define RLIMIT_CORE 4 /* max core file size */
#define RLIMIT_RSS 5 /* max resident set size */
#define RLIMIT_NPROC 6 /* max number of processes */
#define RLIMIT_NOFILE 7 /* max number of open files */
#define RLIMIT_MEMLOCK 8 /* max locked-in-memory address space */
#define RLIMIT_AS 9 /* address space limit */
#define RLIMIT_LOCKS 10 /* maximum file locks held */
/*
* offsets of these are hardcoded elsewhere - touch with care
*/
volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */ //进程当前的状态
unsigned long flags; /* per process flags, defined below */ //反应进程状态的信息，但不是运行状态，定义见下
int sigpending; //进程收到了信号，但尚未处理
mm_segment_t addr_limit; /* thread address space: //虚存地址上限
0-0xBFFFFFFF for user-thead
0-0xFFFFFFFF for kernel-thread
*/
struct exec_domain *exec_domain;
volatile long need_resched; //与进程调度有关表示用户从系统空间按返回用户空间要执行的一次调度
unsigned long ptrace;
int lock_depth; /* Lock depth */
/*
* offset 32 begins here on 32-bit platforms. We keep
* all fields in a single cacheline that are needed for
* the goodness() loop in schedule().
*/
long counter; //与进程调度相关
long nice;
unsigned long policy; //实用于本进程的调度政策
struct mm_struct *mm;
int processor;
/*
* cpus_runnable is ~0 if the process is not running on any
* CPU. It's (1 << cpu) if it's running on a CPU. This mask
* is updated under the runqueue lock.
*
* To determine whether a process might run on a CPU, this
* mask is AND-ed with cpus_allowed.
*/
unsigned long cpus_runnable, cpus_allowed;
/*
* (only the 'next' pointer fits into the cacheline, but
* that's just fine.)
*/
struct list_head run_list;
unsigned long sleep_time;
struct task_struct *next_task, *prev_task; //内核会对每一个进程做点什么事情的时候，常常需要将其连成一个队列，这2个指针用于这个目的
struct mm_struct *active_mm;
struct list_head local_pages;
unsigned int allocation_order, nr_local_pages;
/* task state */
struct linux_binfmt *binfmt;//应用文件格式
int exit_code, exit_signal;
int pdeath_signal; /* The signal sent when the parent dies */
/* ??? */
unsigned long personality; //进程的个性化信息，详细见下
int did_exec:1;
unsigned task_dumpable:1;
pid_t pid; //进程号
pid_t pgrp;
pid_t tty_old_pgrp;
pid_t session;
pid_t tgid;
/* boolean value for session group leader */
int leader;
/*
* pointers to (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,
* older sibling, respectively. (p->father can be replaced with
* p->p_pptr->pid)
*/
struct task_struct *p_opptr, *p_pptr, *p_cptr, *p_ysptr, *p_osptr; //用于族谱信息的，例如p_opptr指向父进程
struct list_head thread_group;
/* PID hash table linkage. */
struct task_struct *pidhash_next;
struct task_struct **pidhash_pprev; //pid是随机分配的，我们常常使用kill pid想进程发送信号（大部分人认为是杀死进程，其实这是个发送信号的指令，默认的参数为杀死。如果想暂停某进程，只需kill STOP 进程的PID），这里可以看到根据pid寻找进程的操作是经常被使用的，而pid又是随机分配，于是这里边用这2个指针指向一个杂凑数组，数组是按照杂凑的算法，以pid为关键字建立，方便根据pid来寻找task_struct
wait_queue_head_t wait_chldexit; /* for wait4() */
struct completion *vfork_done; /* for vfork() */
unsigned long rt_priority; //优先级
unsigned long it_real_value, it_prof_value, it_virt_value;
unsigned long it_real_incr, it_prof_incr, it_virt_incr;
struct timer_list real_timer;
struct tms times; //运行时间的总汇
unsigned long start_time;
long per_cpu_utime[NR_CPUS], per_cpu_stime[NR_CPUS]; //在多个处理器上运行于系统空间和用户空间的时间
/* mm fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific */
unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt, nswap, cmin_flt, cmaj_flt, cnswap;//发生页面异常的次数和换入换出的次数
int swappable:1;
/* process credentials */
uid_t uid,euid,suid,fsuid;
gid_t gid,egid,sgid,fsgid; //与文件权限有关的
int ngroups;
gid_t groups[NGROUPS];
kernel_cap_t cap_effective, cap_inheritable, cap_permitted; //权限，比如该进程是否有权限从新引导系统，这里是大概介绍
int keep_capabilities:1;
struct user_struct *user; //指向该进程拥有的用户
/* limits */
struct rlimit rlim[RLIM_NLIMITS]; //进程对各种资源使用数量的限制，详细见下
unsigned short used_math;
char comm[16];
/* file system info */
int link_count, total_link_count;
struct tty_struct *tty; /* NULL if no tty */
unsigned int locks; /* How many file locks are being held */
/* ipc stuff */
struct sem_undo *semundo;
struct sem_queue *semsleeping;
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct thread_struct thread;
/* filesystem information */
struct fs_struct *fs;
/* open file information */
struct files_struct *files;
/* namespace */
struct namespace *namespace;
/* signal handlers */
spinlock_t sigmask_lock; /* Protects signal and blocked */
struct signal_struct *sig;
sigset_t blocked;
struct sigpending pending;
unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
size_t sas_ss_size;
int (*notifier)(void *priv);
void *notifier_data;
sigset_t *notifier_mask;
/* Thread group tracking */
u32 parent_exec_id;
u32 self_exec_id;
/* Protection of (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty */
spinlock_t alloc_lock;
/* journalling filesystem info */
void *journal_info;
};
#define TASK_RUNNING 0 //不是表示正在运行，而是表示可以被调用
#define TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE 1
#define TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE 2
#define TASK_ZOMBIE 4
#define TASK_STOPPED 8 //对应于task_struct中的state，进程运行状态
//对应task_struct的flag
#define PF_ALIGNWARN 0x00000001 /* Print alignment warning msgs */
/* Not implemented yet, only for 486*/
#define PF_STARTING 0x00000002 /* being created */
#define PF_EXITING 0x00000004 /* getting shut down */
#define PF_FORKNOEXEC 0x00000040 /* forked but didn't exec */
#define PF_SUPERPRIV 0x00000100 /* used super-user privileges */
#define PF_DUMPCORE 0x00000200 /* dumped core */
#define PF_SIGNALED 0x00000400 /* killed by a signal */
#define PF_MEMALLOC 0x00000800 /* Allocating memory */
#define PF_MEMDIE 0x00001000 /* Killed for out-of-memory */
#define PF_FREE_PAGES 0x00002000 /* per process page freeing */
#define PF_NOIO 0x00004000 /* avoid generating further I/O */
#define PF_FSTRANS 0x00008000 /* inside a filesystem transaction */
#define PF_USEDFPU 0x00100000 /* task used FPU this quantum (SMP) */
//进程的个性化信息
enum {
MMAP_PAGE_ZERO = 0x0100000,
ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT = 0x0800000,
SHORT_INODE = 0x1000000,
WHOLE_SECONDS = 0x2000000,
STICKY_TIMEOUTS = 0x4000000,
ADDR_LIMIT_3GB = 0x8000000,
};
/*
* Personality types.
*
* These go in the low byte. Avoid using the top bit, it will
* conflict with error returns.
*/
enum {
PER_LINUX = 0x0000,
PER_LINUX_32BIT = 0x0000 | ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT,
PER_SVR4 = 0x0001 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | MMAP_PAGE_ZERO,
PER_SVR3 = 0x0002 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_SCOSVR3 = 0x0003 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS |
WHOLE_SECONDS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_OSR5 = 0x0003 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | WHOLE_SECONDS,
PER_WYSEV386 = 0x0004 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_ISCR4 = 0x0005 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,
PER_BSD = 0x0006,
PER_SUNOS = 0x0006 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,
PER_XENIX = 0x0007 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | SHORT_INODE,
PER_LINUX32 = 0x0008,
PER_LINUX32_3GB = 0x0008 | ADDR_LIMIT_3GB,
PER_IRIX32 = 0x0009 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,/* IRIX5 32-bit */
PER_IRIXN32 = 0x000a | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,/* IRIX6 new 32-bit */
PER_IRIX64 = 0x000b | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,/* IRIX6 64-bit */
PER_RISCOS = 0x000c,
PER_SOLARIS = 0x000d | STICKY_TIMEOUTS,
PER_UW7 = 0x000e | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | MMAP_PAGE_ZERO,
PER_HPUX = 0x000f,
PER_OSF4 = 0x0010, /* OSF/1 v4 */
PER_MASK = 0x00ff,
};
//进程资源的限制，对应task_struct中的struct rlimit rlim[RLIM_NLIMITS],RLIM_NLIMITS的值是11，代表11项资源，分别是
#define RLIMIT_CPU 0 /* CPU time in ms */
#define RLIMIT_FSIZE 1 /* Maximum filesize */
#define RLIMIT_DATA 2 /* max data size */
#define RLIMIT_STACK 3 /* max stack size */
#define RLIMIT_CORE 4 /* max core file size */
#define RLIMIT_RSS 5 /* max resident set size */
#define RLIMIT_NPROC 6 /* max number of processes */
#define RLIMIT_NOFILE 7 /* max number of open files */
#define RLIMIT_MEMLOCK 8 /* max locked-in-memory address space */
#define RLIMIT_AS 9 /* address space limit */
#define RLIMIT_LOCKS 10 /* maximum file locks held */
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