8.3 常用查询的例子
下面是一些学习如何用MySQL解决一些常见问题的例子。
一些例子使用数据库表“shop”,包含某个商人的每篇文章(物品号)的价格。假定每个商人的每篇文章有一个单独的固定价格,那么(物品,商人)是记录的主键。
你能这样创建例子数据库表:
CREATE TABLE shop ( article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL, dealer CHAR(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, price DOUBLE(16,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(article, dealer)); INSERT INTO shop VALUES (1,'A',3.45),(1,'B',3.99),(2,'A',10.99),(3,'B',1.45),(3,'C',1.69), (3,'D',1.25),(4,'D',19.95);
好了,例子数据是这样的:
SELECT * FROM shop +---------+--------+-------+ | article | dealer | price | +---------+--------+-------+ | 0001 | A | 3.45 | | 0001 | B | 3.99 | | 0002 | A | 10.99 | | 0003 | B | 1.45 | | 0003 | C | 1.69 | | 0003 | D | 1.25 | | 0004 | D | 19.95 | +---------+--------+-------+
8.3.1 列的最大值
“最大的物品号是什么?”
SELECT MAX(article) AS article FROM shop +---------+ | article | +---------+ | 4 | +---------+
8.3.2 拥有某个列的最大值的行
“找出最贵的文章的编号、商人和价格”
在ANSI-SQL中这很容易用一个子查询做到:
SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop)
在MySQL中(还没有子查询)就用2步做到:
- 用一个SELECT语句从表中得到最大值。
- 使用该值编出实际的查询:
SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop WHERE price=19.95
另一个解决方案是按价格降序排序所有行并用MySQL特定LIMIT子句只得到的第一行:
SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop ORDER BY price DESC LIMIT 1
注意:如果有多个最贵的文章( 例如每个19.95),LIMIT解决方案仅仅显示他们之一!
8.3.3 列的最大值:按组:只有值
“每篇文章的最高的价格是什么?”
SELECT article, MAX(price) AS price FROM shop GROUP BY article +---------+-------+ | article | price | +---------+-------+ | 0001 | 3.99 | | 0002 | 10.99 | | 0003 | 1.69 | | 0004 | 19.95 | +---------+-------+
8.3.4 拥有某个字段的组间最大值的行
“对每篇文章,找出有最贵的价格的交易者。”
在ANSI SQL中,我可以用这样一个子查询做到:
SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop s1 WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(s2.price) FROM shop s2 WHERE s1.article = s2.article)
在MySQL中,最好是分几步做到:
- 得到一个表(文章,maxprice)。见8.3.4 拥有某个域的组间最大值的行。
- 对每篇文章,得到对应于存储最大价格的行。
这可以很容易用一个临时表做到:
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tmp ( article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL, price DOUBLE(16,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL); LOCK TABLES article read; INSERT INTO tmp SELECT article, MAX(price) FROM shop GROUP BY article; SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop, tmp WHERE shop.article=tmp.articel AND shop.price=tmp.price; UNLOCK TABLES; DROP TABLE tmp;
如果你不使用一个TEMPORARY表,你也必须锁定“tmp”表。
“它能一个单个查询做到吗?”
是的,但是只有使用我称之为“MAX-CONCAT诡计”的一个相当低效的诡计:
SELECT article, SUBSTRING( MAX( CONCAT(LPAD(price,6,'0'),dealer) ), 7) AS dealer, 0.00+LEFT( MAX( CONCAT(LPAD(price,6,'0'),dealer) ), 6) AS price FROM shop GROUP BY article; +---------+--------+-------+ | article | dealer | price | +---------+--------+-------+ | 0001 | B | 3.99 | | 0002 | A | 10.99 | | 0003 | C | 1.69 | | 0004 | D | 19.95 | +---------+--------+-------+
最后例子当然能通过在客户程序中分割连结的列使它更有效一点。
8.3.5 使用外键
不需要外键联结2个表。
MySQL唯一不做的事情是CHECK以保证你使用的键确实在你正在引用表中存在,并且它不自动从有一个外键定义的表中删除行。如果你象平常那样使用你的键值,它将工作得很好!
CREATE TABLE persons ( id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, name CHAR(60) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) ); CREATE TABLE shirts ( id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, style ENUM('t-shirt', 'polo', 'dress') NOT NULL, color ENUM('red', 'blue', 'orange', 'white', 'black') NOT NULL, owner SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL REFERENCES persons, PRIMARY KEY (id) ); INSERT INTO persons VALUES (NULL, 'Antonio Paz'); INSERT INTO shirts VALUES (NULL, 'polo', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()), (NULL, 'dress', 'white', LAST_INSERT_ID()), (NULL, 't-shirt', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()); INSERT INTO persons VALUES (NULL, 'Lilliana Angelovska'); INSERT INTO shirts VALUES (NULL, 'dress', 'orange', LAST_INSERT_ID()), (NULL, 'polo', 'red', LAST_INSERT_ID()), (NULL, 'dress', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()), (NULL, 't-shirt', 'white', LAST_INSERT_ID()); SELECT * FROM persons; +----+---------------------+ | id | name | +----+---------------------+ | 1 | Antonio Paz | | 2 | Lilliana Angelovska | +----+---------------------+ SELECT * FROM shirts; +----+---------+--------+-------+ | id | style | color | owner | +----+---------+--------+-------+ | 1 | polo | blue | 1 | | 2 | dress | white | 1 | | 3 | t-shirt | blue | 1 | | 4 | dress | orange | 2 | | 5 | polo | red | 2 | | 6 | dress | blue | 2 | | 7 | t-shirt | white | 2 | +----+---------+--------+-------+ SELECT s.* FROM persons p, shirts s WHERE p.name LIKE 'Lilliana%' AND s.owner = p.id AND s.color <> 'white'; +----+-------+--------+-------+ | id | style | color | owner | +----+-------+--------+-------+ | 4 | dress | orange | 2 | | 5 | polo | red | 2 | | 6 | dress | blue | 2 | +----+-------+--------+-------+
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