B - The Perl Compiler Backend
- use B;
The B
module supplies classes which allow a Perl program to delve
into its own innards. It is the module used to implement the
"backends" of the Perl compiler. Usage of the compiler does not
require knowledge of this module: see the O module for the
user-visible part. The B
module is of use to those who want to
write new compiler backends. This documentation assumes that the
reader knows a fair amount about perl's internals including such
things as SVs, OPs and the internal symbol table and syntax tree
of a program.
The B
module contains a set of utility functions for querying the
current state of the Perl interpreter; typically these functions
return objects from the B::SV and B::OP classes, or their derived
classes. These classes in turn define methods for querying the
resulting objects about their own internal state.
The B
module exports a variety of functions: some are simple
utility functions, others provide a Perl program with a way to
get an initial "handle" on an internal object.
B::SV
, B::AV
, B::HV
, and B::CV
objectsFor descriptions of the class hierarchy of these objects and the methods that can be called on them, see below, OVERVIEW OF CLASSES and SV-RELATED CLASSES.
Returns the SV object corresponding to the C variable sv_undef
.
Returns the SV object corresponding to the C variable sv_yes
.
Returns the SV object corresponding to the C variable sv_no
.
Takes a reference to any Perl value, and turns the referred-to value
into an object in the appropriate B::OP-derived or B::SV-derived
class. Apart from functions such as main_root
, this is the primary
way to get an initial "handle" on an internal perl data structure
which can then be followed with the other access methods.
The returned object will only be valid as long as the underlying OPs and SVs continue to exist. Do not attempt to use the object after the underlying structures are freed.
Returns the SV object corresponding to the C variable amagic_generation
.
As of Perl 5.18, this is just an alias to PL_na
, so its value is
meaningless.
Returns the AV object (i.e. in class B::AV) representing INIT blocks.
Returns the AV object (i.e. in class B::AV) representing CHECK blocks.
Returns the AV object (i.e. in class B::AV) representing UNITCHECK blocks.
Returns the AV object (i.e. in class B::AV) representing BEGIN blocks.
Returns the AV object (i.e. in class B::AV) representing END blocks.
Returns the PADLIST object (i.e. in class B::PADLIST) of the global comppadlist. In Perl 5.16 and earlier it returns an AV object (class B::AV).
Only when perl was compiled with ithreads.
Return the (faked) CV corresponding to the main part of the Perl program.
Walk the symbol table starting at SYMREF and call METHOD on each symbol (a B::GV object) visited. When the walk reaches package symbols (such as "Foo::") it invokes RECURSE, passing in the symbol name, and only recurses into the package if that sub returns true.
PREFIX is the name of the SYMREF you're walking.
For example:
print_subs() is a B::GV method you have declared. Also see B::GV Methods, below.
B::OP
objects or for walking op treesFor descriptions of the class hierarchy of these objects and the methods that can be called on them, see below, OVERVIEW OF CLASSES and OP-RELATED CLASSES.
Returns the root op (i.e. an object in the appropriate B::OP-derived class) of the main part of the Perl program.
Returns the starting op of the main part of the Perl program.
Does a tree-walk of the syntax tree based at OP and calls METHOD on
each op it visits. Each node is visited before its children. If
walkoptree_debug
(see below) has been called to turn debugging on then
the method walkoptree_debug
is called on each op before METHOD is
called.
Returns the current debugging flag for walkoptree
. If the optional
DEBUG argument is non-zero, it sets the debugging flag to that. See
the description of walkoptree
above for what the debugging flag
does.
Return the PP function name (e.g. "pp_add") of op number OPNUM.
Returns a string in the form "0x..." representing the value of the internal hash function used by perl on string STR.
Casts I to the internal I32 type used by that perl.
Does the equivalent of the -c
command-line option. Obviously, this
is only useful in a BEGIN block or else the flag is set too late.
Returns a double-quote-surrounded escaped version of STR which can be used as a string in C source code.
Returns a double-quote-surrounded escaped version of STR which can be used as a string in Perl source code.
This function returns the string with the first character modified if it is a control character. It converts it to ^X format first, so that "\cG" becomes "^G". This is used internally by B::GV::SAFENAME, but you can call it directly.
Returns the class of an object without the part of the classname
preceding the first "::"
. This is used to turn "B::UNOP"
into
"UNOP"
for example.
This used to provide support for the old 5.005 threading module. It now does nothing.
- my $op_type = $optype[$op_type_num];
A simple mapping of the op type number to its type (like 'COP' or 'BINOP').
- my $sv_name = $specialsv_name[$sv_index];
Certain SV types are considered 'special'. They're represented by B::SPECIAL and are referred to by a number from the specialsv_list. This array maps that number back to the name of the SV (like 'Nullsv' or '&PL_sv_undef').
The C structures used by Perl's internals to hold SV and OP
information (PVIV, AV, HV, ..., OP, SVOP, UNOP, ...) are modelled on a
class hierarchy and the B
module gives access to them via a true
object hierarchy. Structure fields which point to other objects
(whether types of SV or types of OP) are represented by the B
module as Perl objects of the appropriate class.
The bulk of the B
module is the methods for accessing fields of
these structures.
Note that all access is read-only. You cannot modify the internals by using this module. Also, note that the B::OP and B::SV objects created by this module are only valid for as long as the underlying objects exist; their creation doesn't increase the reference counts of the underlying objects. Trying to access the fields of a freed object will give incomprehensible results, or worse.
B::IV, B::NV, B::RV, B::PV, B::PVIV, B::PVNV, B::PVMG, B::BM (5.9.5 and earlier), B::PVLV, B::AV, B::HV, B::CV, B::GV, B::FM, B::IO. These classes correspond in the obvious way to the underlying C structures of similar names. The inheritance hierarchy mimics the underlying C "inheritance". For the 5.10.x branch, (ie 5.10.0, 5.10.1 etc) this is:
- B::SV
- |
- +------------+------------+------------+
- | | | |
- B::PV B::IV B::NV B::RV
- \ / /
- \ / /
- B::PVIV /
- \ /
- \ /
- \ /
- B::PVNV
- |
- |
- B::PVMG
- |
- +-----+-----+-----+-----+
- | | | | |
- B::AV B::GV B::HV B::CV B::IO
- | |
- | |
- B::PVLV B::FM
For 5.9.0 and earlier, PVLV is a direct subclass of PVMG, and BM is still present as a distinct type, so the base of this diagram is
- |
- |
- B::PVMG
- |
- +------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
- | | | | | | |
- B::PVLV B::BM B::AV B::GV B::HV B::CV B::IO
- |
- |
- B::FM
For 5.11.0 and later, B::RV is abolished, and IVs can be used to store references, and a new type B::REGEXP is introduced, giving this structure:
- B::SV
- |
- +------------+------------+
- | | |
- B::PV B::IV B::NV
- \ / /
- \ / /
- B::PVIV /
- \ /
- \ /
- \ /
- B::PVNV
- |
- |
- B::PVMG
- |
- +-------+-------+---+---+-------+-------+
- | | | | | |
- B::AV B::GV B::HV B::CV B::IO B::REGEXP
- | |
- | |
- B::PVLV B::FM
Access methods correspond to the underlying C macros for field access,
usually with the leading "class indication" prefix removed (Sv, Av,
Hv, ...). The leading prefix is only left in cases where its removal
would cause a clash in method name. For example, GvREFCNT
stays
as-is since its abbreviation would clash with the "superclass" method
REFCNT
(corresponding to the C function SvREFCNT
).
Returns a reference to the regular scalar corresponding to this B::SV object. In other words, this method is the inverse operation to the svref_2object() subroutine. This scalar and other data it points at should be considered read-only: modifying them is neither safe nor guaranteed to have a sensible effect.
Returns the value of the IV, interpreted as
a signed integer. This will be misleading
if FLAGS & SVf_IVisUV
. Perhaps you want the
int_value
method instead?
This method returns the value of the IV as an integer.
It differs from IV
in that it returns the correct
value regardless of whether it's stored signed or
unsigned.
These last two are only valid for pad name SVs. They only existed in the B::NV class before Perl 5.22. In 5.22 they were moved to the B::PADNAME class.
This method is the one you usually want. It constructs a string using the length and offset information in the struct: for ordinary scalars it will return the string that you'd see from Perl, even if it contains null characters.
Same as B::RV::RV, except that it will die() if the PV isn't a reference.
This method is less often useful. It assumes that the string stored in the struct is null-terminated, and disregards the length information.
It is the appropriate method to use if you need to get the name of a lexical variable from a padname array. Lexical variable names are always stored with a null terminator, and the length field (CUR) is overloaded for other purposes and can't be relied on here.
This method returns the internal length field, which consists of the number of internal bytes, not necessarily the number of logical characters.
This method returns the number of bytes allocated (via malloc) for storing the string. This is 0 if the scalar does not "own" the string.
Only valid on r-magic, returns the string that generated the regexp.
Will die() if called on r-magic.
Only valid on r-magic, returns the integer value of the REGEX stored in the MAGIC.
This method returns TRUE if the GP field of the GV is NULL.
This method returns the name of the glob, but if the first character of the name is a control character, then it converts it to ^X first, so that *^G would return "^G" rather than "\cG".
It's useful if you want to print out the name of a variable.
If you restrict yourself to globs which exist at compile-time
then the result ought to be unambiguous, because code like
${"^G"} = 1
is compiled as two ops - a constant string and
a dereference (rv2gv) - so that the glob is created at runtime.
If you're working with globs at runtime, and need to disambiguate *^G from *{"^G"}, then you should use the raw NAME method.
This last one is present only in perl 5.22.0 and higher.
B::IO objects derive from IO objects and you will get more information from the IO object itself.
For example:
- $gvio = B::svref_2object(\*main::stdin)->IO;
- $IO = $gvio->object_2svref();
- $fd = $IO->fileno();
A character symbolizing the type of IO Handle.
Takes one argument ( 'stdin' | 'stdout' | 'stderr' ) and returns true if the IoIFP of the object is equal to the handle whose name was passed as argument; i.e., $io->IsSTD('stderr') is true if IoIFP($io) == PerlIO_stderr().
Like ARRAY
, but takes an index as an argument to get only one element,
rather than a list of all of them.
This method is deprecated if running under Perl 5.8, and is no longer present if running under Perl 5.9
This method returns the AV specific flags. In Perl 5.9 these are now stored in with the main SV flags, so this method is no longer present.
Returns a B::PADLIST object under Perl 5.18 or higher, or a B::AV in earlier versions.
For constant subroutines, returns the constant SV returned by the subroutine.
Returns the name of a lexical sub, otherwise undef.
This method is not present if running under Perl 5.9, as the PMROOT information is no longer stored directly in the hash.
B::OP
, B::UNOP
, B::UNOP_AUX
, B::BINOP
, B::LOGOP
,
B::LISTOP
, B::PMOP
, B::SVOP
, B::PADOP
, B::PVOP
, B::LOOP
,
B::COP
, B::METHOP
.
These classes correspond in the obvious way to the underlying C structures of similar names. The inheritance hierarchy mimics the underlying C "inheritance":
- B::OP
- |
- +----------+---------+--------+-------+---------+
- | | | | | |
- B::UNOP B::SVOP B::PADOP B::COP B::PVOP B::METHOP
- |
- +---+---+---------+
- | | |
- B::BINOP B::LOGOP B::UNOP_AUX
- |
- |
- B::LISTOP
- |
- +---+---+
- | |
- B::LOOP B::PMOP
Access methods correspond to the underlying C structure field names,
with the leading "class indication" prefix ("op_"
) removed.
These methods get the values of similarly named fields within the OP
data structure. See top of op.h
for more info.
Returns the OP's parent. If it has no parent, or if your perl wasn't built
with -DPERL_OP_PARENT
, returns NULL.
Note that the global variable $B::OP::does_parent
is undefined on older
perls that don't support the parent
method, is defined but false on
perls that support the method but were built without -DPERL_OP_PARENT
,
and is true otherwise.
This returns the op name as a string (e.g. "add", "rv2av").
This returns the function name as a string (e.g. "PL_ppaddr[OP_ADD]", "PL_ppaddr[OP_RV2AV]").
This returns the op description from the global C PL_op_desc array (e.g. "addition" "array deref").
This returns a list of the elements of the op's aux data structure,
or a null list if there is no aux. What will be returned depends on the
object's type, but will typically be a collection of B::IV
, B::GV
,
etc. objects. cv
is the B::CV
object representing the sub that the
op is contained within.
This returns a textual representation of the object (likely to b useful
for deparsing and debugging), or an empty string if the op type doesn't
support this. cv
is the B::CV
object representing the sub that the
op is contained within.
Only up to Perl 5.9.4
Since Perl 5.9.5
Only when perl was compiled with ithreads.
Since perl 5.17.1
Added in perl 5.22, this method returns the B::REGEXP associated with the
op. While PMOPs do not actually have pmregexp
fields under threaded
builds, this method returns the regexp under threads nonetheless, for
convenience.
The B::COP
class is used for "nextstate" and "dbstate" ops. As of Perl
5.22, it is also used for "null" ops that started out as COPs.
Perl 5.18 introduced a new class, B::PADLIST, returned by B::CV's
PADLIST
method.
Perl 5.22 introduced the B::PADNAMELIST and B::PADNAME classes.
A list of pads. The first one contains the names.
The first one is a B::PADNAMELIST under Perl 5.22, and a B::AV under earlier versions. The rest are currently B::AV objects, but that could change in future versions.
Like ARRAY
, but takes an index as an argument to get only one element,
rather than a list of all of them.
This method, introduced in 5.22, returns the B::PADNAMELIST. It is
equivalent to ARRAYelt
with a 0 argument.
This method, introduced in 5.22, returns an ID shared by clones of the same padlist.
This method, also added in 5.22, returns the ID of the outer padlist.
These two methods return the pad names, using B::SPECIAL objects for null pointers and B::PADNAME objects otherwise.
For backward-compatibility, if the PADNAMEt_OUTER flag is set, the FLAGS method adds the SVf_FAKE flag, too.
A B::HV object representing the stash for a typed lexical.
A backward-compatibility alias for TYPE.
A B::HV object representing the stash for 'our' variables.
The prototype CV for a 'my' sub.
Sequence numbers representing the scope within which a lexical is visible. Meaningless if PADNAMEt_OUTER is set.
Only meaningful if PADNAMEt_OUTER is set.
Only meaningful if PADNAMEt_OUTER is set.
Although the optree is read-only, there is an overlay facility that allows
you to override what values the various B::*OP methods return for a
particular op. $B::overlay
should be set to reference a two-deep hash:
indexed by OP address, then method name. Whenever a an op method is
called, the value in the hash is returned if it exists. This facility is
used by B::Deparse to "undo" some optimisations. For example:
Malcolm Beattie, mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk